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Psychology ( Greek: ψυχολογία) is the academic and applied study of behavior, mind, and their underlying mechanisms. It primarily applies to humans but can also be applied to non-humans such as animals or artificial systems. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of activity, including problems of human beings' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The field contains a range of sub-areas (for instance, the studies of development, personality, and language), as well as many different theoretical orientations (such as behaviorism, evolutionary psychology, and psychoanalysis). Psychology draws from a number of other fields of study, including biology, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy.
Memory is the ability of the brain to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. Although traditional studies of memory began in the realms of philosophy, the late nineteenth and early twentieth century put memory within the paradigms of cognitive psychology. In the recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a new branch of science that represents a marriage between cognitive psychology and neuroscience, called cognitive neuroscience.
There are several ways of classifying memories, based on duration, nature and retrieval of information. From an information processing perspective there are three main stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:
- Encoding (processing and combining of received information)
- Storage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information)
- Retrieval/Recall (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in some process or activity)
Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception which allows an individual to infer spatial information not explicitly present in a given stimulus. It is an important concept in Gestalt psychology, illustrating the self-organizing abilities of the mind.
- "Not a single one of the cells that compose you knows who you are, or cares." — Daniel Dennett
- "Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living, and your belief will help create the fact." — William James
- "[By 1985], machines [computers] will be capable of doing any work Man can do." — Herbert Simon
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